The Tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of  Pisa is a very unique and remarkable structure. It is located in the city of Pisa in Italy.  The heights of the two sides of the tower are not equal the thing that made it look tilted.

The building of the tower was started on August 9, 1173 for the purpose of being a bell tower and the building process was finished in 1350.

The leaning tower of Pisa is the freestanding bell tower of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, and it gained its fame from being a tilted structure .

The building process of Pisa tower occurred in three stages that started in the year 1173 when few stones where bought to represent the base of the tower, then in the next year the foundation of the tower was completed. The building process of the tower lasted for 344 years because of the wars that Pisa entered with different nations the thing that stopped the construction process of the building many times . The engineer in charge when construction resumed, sought to compensate for the lean by making the new stories slightly taller on the short side.( Leaning Tower of Pisa (tower, Pisa, Italy) -- Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d))..).

The tower began sinking after the beginning of the construction process because of the unstable sub soil .Regarding the cost of constructing the tilted tower it is estimated to be €18,523,123 .

The leaning tower still exists today, but people are prohibited from entering in it because it is in danger of falling.

 

There are different types of materials used to build the leaning tower of Pisa to include different types of  marble, cement, stone, bronze and wood.

The known designer for Pisa Tower is Banana Pisano, who is famous for bronze constructions , but there are some conflicts about the researchers regarding that, because for many years Guglielmo was considered as the architect who designed the Pisa Tower.

The height of the tower is about 55.863 meters and the height from the foundation floor is about 58.36 meters. The base is of 15.484 meters outer diameter and 7.368 inner diameters.

Regarding the problems that encountered the building process, the tower started tilting during the construction phase because the soil under the building was very soft on one side of the structure, so it couldn't support the weight of the building, during decades the tilting increased gradually, but the problem was overcome  partially by the great efforts that aimed to stabilize the structure in the 20^th century. But the building today is still  in danger of falling.

 

The leaning Tower of Pisa is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world that attracted the attention of many people for many and many years. The Tower of Pisa got its name from being the highest freestanding tower in the world for decades.

With time the importance of Pisa tower remained remarkable as an extraordinary structure with unique features although it is a result of an architectural mistake because the soil under the building was not tested well, but today buildings such as the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi represent great competitors for it the thing that decreases its popularity as a tilted building.

The Leaning Tower But people aren’t allowed in it anymore, but it is in great danger of falling in few years from now. It is considered today as a tourist attraction and a symbol of the ancient times architecture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

 

 

Ezproxy Login. (2013, April 21). Ezproxy Login. Retrieved April 24, 2013, from http://elibrary.bigchalk.com.ezproxy.hct.ac.ae/elibweb/elib/do/document?set=search&dictionaryClick=&secondaryNav=&groupid=1&requestid=lib_standard&resultid=1&edition=&ts=EE0C34693445AEE0D08264B836341461_1367135111569&start=1&publicationId=&urn=urn%3Abigch

Leaning Tower of Pisa (tower, Pisa, Italy) -- Encyclopedia Britannica. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica.RetrievedApril22,2013,from http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/333926/Leaning-Tower-of-Pisa

Mulvey, B. N. (2001, December 15).  BBC News | EUROPE | Saving the Leaning Tower. BBC News - Home. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/793432.stm

The Leaning Tower of Pisa. (n.d.). ThinkQuest : Library. Retrieved April 20, 2013, from http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01215/goodleaningtower.htm

Tower of Pisa. (2001, June 17). Archidose. Retrieved April 22, 2013, from www.archidose.org/Jul00/071000.html

 

 

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Water and sanitation in Yemen (Mini report)

The women and children are suffering from water scarcity in Al Safia distict in Sana‘a. This problem was increased after the Yemen uprising. There are many cases of the is problem such as they don’t have a many to get water. Also the random digging is one of the mine cases of water problem in Sana’a and cultivation the Qat which is consuming a lot of water. The new Yemen government is trying to solve this problem. Yemen’s general rural water authority (GRWA) assess as the water level and is trying to solve the problem by storage of the rain water in the mountains and groundwater in desert but until now the problem still going on.

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References

Al-Muraqab, A. (2012, September 13). A daily struggle to fetch water | Yemen Times.  Yemen Times. Retrieved March 19, 2013, from http://www.yementimes.com/en/1607/report/1391/A-daily-struggle-to-fetch-water.htm

 

Time running out for solution to Yemen's water crisis | Global development | guardian.co.uk . (2012, August 27).  Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . Retrieved March 19, 2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2012/aug/27/solution

The jewel in the British crown with a murky past

The Koh-i-Noor is diamond that many people fight to get it and it was with the Indians but now it is with British. Also the Indians trying to get back the Mountain of Light. In the anther hand there are many stories about this diamond but all was not real except the story which was written by Edwin W Streeter, because he researched. Also the author crossed UK and India to get more information about the Koh-i-Noor form 1304-1849. In addition the diamond passed in many stages from Khilji Dynasty to the British who paid 125000 rupees to get it. Also the diamond was reshaped and cut it many time to put it on display. In addition, there are many of the British royal family wear the crown and in 2002 the last time seen the Queen Mother’s are it.  "He who owns this diamond will own the world”. (Mr Sandhanwalia, nd).

 

Word: 157

References

Gornall, J. (2012, September 13). Koh-i-Noor: The jewel in the British crown with a very murky past - The National. Latest and breaking news | thenational.ae - The National. Retrieved March 10, 2013, from http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/koh-i-noor-the-jewel-in-the-british-crown-with-a-very-murky-past

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Fertile past unearthed from sands of Arabia

The Arabian Peninsula try to found the way of the human traveling from Africa and images from Nasa used to get the information about it. The satellite images of the Arabian Desert give more information about the history and showing what was in this area. The University of Oxford started the big project about Arabian Desert and the leader of the project is   Professor Michael Petraglia and the project will spend 10.9 m in the next 5 years. The researchers found many sites which is the oldest settlement in world for example Nafud desert in northern Saudi Arabia. The archaeologists proved that the African Population moved from the Africa to The Arabian Peninsula by the sites. Dr Nick Drake at King’s College in London started the first stage which is determination historic and prehistoric water sources and second stage is looking to the edges of the lakes. The sites found give information how the people life. Long time weather change effected to the life of the people.

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References

             King's College London -  Media coverage: January - June 2012. (n.d.).      King's College London -  Home. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/news/Mediacoverage/2012-January-June.aspx

 

 

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