In Academic reading and writing LSC2103 course
I learned many new things also it help me to improve my Language skills. There
are many skills which were improved for example reading, writing and vocabulary.
First I learned how to read the paragraph and how to get the mine idea from the
paragraph also how can I organize the ideas. In addition I learned how to make
summery for the big paragraph. This course help me to know how can I take the
information from the web by improve the research skill. Also I learned write
the mine report by fuse two paragraphs on my own wards. All this skills are very impotent for me
because it will help me in the anther subjects. Also it will improve my CV
which it important in my work. There are many challenges in written
communication such as vocabulary which was difficult to know meaning of this
word but I tried to fix this problem by asking my teacher and read more story also
I used the translator to get the meaning of this wards. In the other hand the
LSC 2103 course was interesting and helpful in anther course which helped me to
write my repot in perfect way.
Saturday, 25 May 2013
Final Project
Introduction:-
In the report we got unknown sample and we have to do many tests
to know which type of sample it is. We compare the sample with the references
and from that we can identify it. So let’s take a look first on the background
of fossil fuel and the types of fuel oils existed, their characteristics and
applications in real life and then talk about the negative impact of fossil
fuel on the environment and the living organisms and then mention the alternatives
to fossil fuels and finally discuss our experimental test and findings.
Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as
anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms. The age of the organisms and
their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes
exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and
include coal, petroleum, and natural gas. “Humans have used petroleum
since the earliest times” (Dr. Zayn Bilkadi, In 1992). Fossil fuels are of
great importance because they can be burned.
Transformer oil is usually highly-refined inorganic oil
that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating
properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers, some types of high voltage
capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches
and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and
arcing, and to serve as a coolant. (Wikipedia.org)
Gear oil is a lubricant made specifically for transmissions,
transfer cases, and differentials in automobiles, trucks, and other machinery.
It is of a higher viscosity to better protect the gears and usually is
associated with a strong sulfur smell. (ibid)
Turbine
oil any oil used to
lubricate the bearings and auxiliary machinery in steam and hydraulic turbines,
in turbo pumps, and in air, gas, and refrigeration turbo compressors. Turbine
oils are also used as lubricants and working fluids in various types of
closed-cycle industrial machinery. (ibid)
Testing
description:
1.
The total acid number (TAN) is a measurement of
acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams
that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. (The total acid
number- Wikipedia 2012.). (Figure 3)
2.
The refractive index substance is a
dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation,
propagates through that medium.( The refractive index- Wikipedia 2012)
3.
API (American Petroleum Institute) is a measure
of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. API gravity is
thus an inverse measure of the relative density of petroleum liquid and the
density of water.( API - Wikipedia 2012)
4.
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its
resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress
(viscisity-Shah ,2013.). (Figure 2)
5.
Pour point is the lowest: temperature at which
it becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics. In crude oil a high
pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin content. (Pour point
-Wikipedia,2013).
6.
A flash point is a temperature at which a
liquid will burn and keep burning.( A flash point- Wikipedia,2012) (Figure 1)
7. The cloud point of a fluid is the
temperature at which dissolved solids are no longer completely.( The cloud
point-wwikipedia,2012)
Experimental-Data:
Type of test
|
Result
|
Physical appearance
|
Light yellow
|
API gravity
|
36.550
|
viscosity
|
@40oC
4.9 cSt
@100oC
2.3 cSt
|
Flash point
|
104c
|
Pour point
|
(-11) to (-12)
|
Cloud point
|
10 to 8
|
Refractive
index
|
1.4411
|
Total acid
number
|
0.06 mglg
|
Standard deviation and precision of viscosity:
S=
%Sr
=
X 100%
Calculating standard deviation @40oC:
X
|
Mean
|
(X – Mean)2
|
Standard deviation
|
4.945
|
4.962
|
0.0002
|
0.123
|
4.845
|
4.962
|
0.0128
|
0.123
|
5.093
|
4.962
|
0.0302
|
0.123
|
%Sr
=
=
Calculating
standard deviation @100oC:
X
|
Mean
|
(X – Mean)2
|
Standard deviation
|
2.30
|
2.28
|
0.0004
|
0.044
|
2.31
|
2.28
|
0.0009
|
0.044
|
2.23
|
2.28
|
0.0025
|
0.044
|
%Sr
=
=
%
That’s means our result was precise.
Discussion
In this experiment there are many tests
(API, Viscosity, Flash point, Pour point, Cloud point, and Total acid number)
which are important because it is help to determine the properties of the
sample. In the begging we checked physical appearance which it is important to
know the color of the sample and small. Than we did the API test which it is to
know the gravity of the unknown after that we converted to API. Also the API
test helped us to know if the sample heavy oil or light oil. We got 36.55 which
is light oil. After that we did viscosity test which helped to know if the
sample low or higher viscosity. During the API gravity tests there are many problems
which we found during the tests for example the time of flow in viscosity test.
our unknown is very low which is difficult to stop the watch. Then we started
with TAN test which is Total Acid Number. Also in the TAN test we did many time
for the sample but the result not show.
Fossil fuels are the largest greenhouse
gas emitters in the world which it mine couse to produce the Carbon and methane.
Also when produce the electricity by burning the fossil fuels but it issued the
Pollutants to air and water. Some of these include air pollution, water
pollution, accumulation of solid waste, not to discussion the land poverty and
human illness in addition it effect aquatic life which always we loss of
aquatic life because it cause to reduce the oxygen in water.
There are many alternatives sources for
example Hydroelectric and nuclear energy plants, solar energy, wind power, and
biomass fuel. The water, wind and sunlight which they can find everywhere with
large amount. In addition there is another way which it called biodiesel. It is
cheap and it is not harm to atmosphere. Also it used as a low carbon alternative to heating oil “One
key advantage of water, sunlight, wind, or plants: They are everywhere, in
essentially unlimited quantities” ( planetSEED.,2013)
Conclusion
In this
experiment we did many tests to define our unknown. First we are not sure what
kind of oil we have? and we was confuse between gas
oil and Transformer oil but We decided that the our unknown
is Gas oil because from all tests which we did it close to our result. The example of our
result is TAN which it is 0.06 and it is between limit. Also the viscosity of
our sample is low which is similar to the Gas oil.
Appendices
PA
|
API
|
Viscosity
|
Flash point
|
Pour point
|
Cloud point
|
Refractive Index
|
Total acid number
|
|
Jet fuel
|
Colorless
|
39-51
|
2-3.5
|
42-51
|
-40
|
- 30
|
1.4511
|
0.015
mg
|
Gas oil
|
Light
yellow
|
20
|
2.0
-4.5
|
66
|
0-(-10)
|
9
|
1.4524
|
0.1-0.05
mg
|
Transformer oil
|
-Colorless
-Low Density
|
26.4
|
-100 C◦(2.54)
-40F◦(10.9)
|
149c◦
|
-62c◦
|
-
|
1.4820
-Very high degree purification
-good electricity
|
0.05
mg
|
Turbine oil
|
colorless
|
100
|
11.1
|
216
|
-12
|
-
|
1.4717
|
-
|
Gear oil
|
Greenish
blue
|
2.7%-4%
|
10-41
|
224
|
-40
|
-
|
At 25
1.4872
|
0.08
mg
|
Sample(1)
|
-light
yellow -strong gas
|
36.55
|
4.9-2.3
|
104c
|
(-11)-(-12)
|
10-8
|
1.4411
|
0.06 mg
|
Bibliography
Alternatives to
Fossil Fuels | Science Articles | PlanetSEED. (n.d.). Science &
Technology Teaching Resources | Teacher
And Student Resources | planetSEED. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.planetseed.com/relatedarticle/alternatives-fossil-fuels
Biodiesel -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved May 13, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel
Country. (n.d.).
Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel
Gear oil -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2012, September 1). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil
Hill, A. (2003,
May 5). What is Gear Oil?. wiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gear-oil.htm.
Hill, A. (2003,
May 5). What is Gear Oil?. wiseGEEK: clear answers for common questions.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gear-oil.htm.
Mann, P. (2009,
June 22). Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the
free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel
Pour point -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 10). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_point
Puchkov, N. G.
(1971, January 1). Turbine Oil definition of Turbine Oil in the Free Online
Encyclopedia.. Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 16, 2013, from
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Turbine+Oil
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